- Ἱεροσόλυμα
- Ἱεροσόλυμα, τά and ἡ (also Ἰερ-, Ἱεροσάλημα [GJs 20:4 pap]) and Ἰερουσαλήμ, ἡ indecl. (also Ἱερ-; יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, יְרוּשָׁלֵם) Jerusalem. On the breathing s. B-D-F §39, 1; Mlt-H. 101; on the form of the name s. B-D-F §56, 1 and 4; W.-S. §10, 3; Mlt-H. 147f; Ramsay, Exp. 7th ser., 3, 1907, 110ff, 414f; Harnack, D. Apostelgesch. 1908, 72ff; RSchütz, ZNW 11, 1910, 169–87; JJeremias, ZNW 65, ’74, 273–76; GKilpatrick, NovT 25, ’83, 318–26; DSylva, ZNW 74, ’83, 207–21.—τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα (Polyb. 16, 39, 4; Diod S 34 + 35, Fgm. 1, 1; 2; 3; 5; Strabo 16, 2, 34; 36; 40; Appian, Syr. 50 §252; Cass. Dio 37, 15; 17; Timochares [II B.C.]: 165 Fgm. 1 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 35]; Ps.-Hecataeus: 264 Fgm. 21, 197 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 197]; Agatharchides [II B.C.]: 86 Fgm. 20a, 209 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 209]; Manetho [III B.C.]: 609 Fgm. 10 a, 241 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 241 al.]; Lysimachus [I B.C.–I A.D.]: 621 Fgm. 1, 311 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 311]; PGM 13, 997; LXX in Apocr. [Thackeray 168]; EpArist 32; 35; 52; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 278; Joseph. [Niese index]; Just. [9 times]) is the form found in Mt (the sole exception 23:37 is fr. a quot.), Mk and J; it is also found in Lk and Ac, as well as Gal 1:17f; 2:1; PtK 4 p. 15, 35.—πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα Mt 2:3; GEb 13, 78; seems to go back to a form ἡ Ἱεροσόλυμα, ης (cp. Pel.-Leg. 14, 14 πᾶσα [ἡ] Ἱεροσόλυμα; Tob 14:4; s. B-D-F §56, 4.—S. also PGM 4, 3069 ἐν τῇ καθαρᾷ Ἱεροσολύμῳ and 13, 233 ἐν Ἱερωσολύμῳ).—ἡ Ἰερουσαλήμ (predom. in LXX; pseudepigr.; Philo, Somn. 2, 250; Just. [22 times apart from quot.]; Mel. [consistently].—Jos., C. Ap. 1, 179 Clearchus [Fgm. 7] is quoted as reporting remarks of his teacher Aristotle in which the latter uses the form Ἱερουσαλήμη [doubted by Niese; Eus., PE 9, 5, 6 has the same quot. fr. Clearchus w. the form Ἱερουσαλήμ]) besides Mt 23:37 (s. above) in Lk, Ac (s. P-LCouchoud/RStahl, RHR 97, 1928, 9–17), predom. in Paul, Hb 12:22; Rv; 1 Cl 41:2; Judaicon 20, 71; GPt; εἰς Ἱερουσαλήμ AcPl Ha 8, 30 (Ἱεροσόλυμα BMM verso 1).—Mostly without the art. (PsSol; GrBar prol. 2; AscIs), s. B-D-F §261, 3; 275, 2; W-S. §18, 5e; w. the art. only J 2:23; 5:2; 10:22; 11:18; cp. Ac 5:28; Gal 4:25f; Rv 3:12. No certain conclusions can be drawn concerning the use of the two forms of the name (they are used in the same immediate context by Hecataeus [264 Fgm. 21 Jac., in Eus., PE 9, 4, 2 v.l.]); the mss. vary considerably in their practice.① the city of Jerusalem, Jerusalem Mt 2:1 and oft.; Mk 3:8 and oft.; Lk 2:25, 41; J 1:19; Ro 15:19, 25f; Gal 1:17f; 2:1 al. ἀναβαίνειν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα Mt 20:17f; Mk 10:32f; Lk 19:28; J 2:13; 5:1; 11:55; Ac 21:15; 25:1; Ἰερουσαλήμ Lk 18:31; Ac 11:2; 21:12. καταβαίνειν ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων Mk 3:22; Ac 11:27; 25:7; καταβαίνειν ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλήμ Lk 10:30; Ac 8:26. θυγατέρες Ἰερουσαλήμ Lk 23:28, s. θυγάτηρ 3.② Jerusalem as collective for its inhabitants, Jerusalem πᾶσα Ἱ. the whole city of Jerusalem (Caecilius Calactinus, Fgm. 75 p. 57, 8 says πᾶσα ἡ Ἑλλάς [Thu. 1, 6, 1] stands ἀντὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων; Pla., Ep. 7, 348a πᾶσα Σικελία; Demosth. 18, 18; Psellus p. 43, 12 πᾶσα ἡ Πόλις=‘all Byzantines’) Mt 2:3; cp. 3:5; Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ 23:37 (Aeschines, Ctesiph. 133 Θῆβαι, Θῆβαι; Ps.-Demetr. in Eloc. 267 adds to this Aeschines passage the comment, ‘The repetition of the name produces a powerful effect’; sim. Lk 10:41; 22:31; Ac 9:4.—HvanderKwaak, NovT 8, ’66, 56–70); Lk 2:38; 13:34 (Jerusalem is here viewed as dead; such personal address is normal in the ancient world: HJahnow, Das hebräische Leichenlied 1923, 50f; 100; s. for the Hellenic world Il. 18, 333; 19, 287; 315); Ac 21:31.—For a geographical and historical treatment HGuthe, RE VIII 666ff; XXIII 671f; HVincent and F-MAbel, Jérusalem I 1912; II 1926; GDalman, J. u. s. Gelände 1930; MJoin-Lambert, Jerusalem (tr. CHaldane) ’58; PWinter, ‘Nazareth’ and ‘Jer.’ in Lk 1 and 2, NTS 3, ’56/57, 136–42 (lit.); CKopp, The Holy Places of the Gospels ’63 (tr. RWalls), 283–417. On its cultural history JJeremias, Jerus. in the Time of Jesus (tr. FH and CHCave) ’69; BLifshitz, Jérusalem sous la domination romaine: ANRW II/8, 77, 444–89; MPorthuis/CSafrai, eds., The Centrality of Jerusalem ’96. For its theol. significance, JBlinzler in Wikenhauser Festschr. ’52, 20–52; JSchneider, ibid., 207–29. BHHW II 820–50 (lit.). OEANE III 224–38.③ transcendent Jerusalem, Jerusalem, fig. and eschatol. usage ἡ νῦν Ἰ. the present J. is contrasted w. the ἄνω Ἰ. the heavenly J. Gal 4:25f. For the latter also Ἰ. ἐπουράνιος Hb 12:22 and ἡ καινὴ Ἰ. the new J. Rv 3:12; 21:2, also ἡ ἁγία Ἰ. 21:10; cp. vs. 2. On the theol. usage s. JdeYoung, Jerus. in the NT ’60.—For lit. s. on πόλις 2.—M-M. EDNT. TW.
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